How does a Geiger-Muller counter function?

A Geiger-Muller counter functions by detecting ionizing radiation through a gas-filled tube rather than a liquid-filled one. When ionizing radiation passes through the gas within the tube, it interacts with the gas molecules, causing ionization—this means that electrons are knocked off the gas atoms, creating positive ions and free electrons.

As these ionized particles move towards the electrodes within the tube, they can cause further ionization, leading to an avalanche of charged particles. This results in a measurable electric current, which is then amplified and registered by the device. The Geiger-Muller counter is particularly adept at detecting beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays due to its sensitivity to the ionization caused by these forms of radiation.

The design of the counter and its operational principle highlights its role as a practical tool for radiation detection, primarily in environments where monitoring for radiation exposure is essential, such as in medical settings or nuclear facilities.