What is the difference between stochastic and deterministic effects of radiation?

The distinction between stochastic and deterministic effects of radiation lies primarily in the nature of their occurrence and their relationship with dose. Stochastic effects are characterized as probabilistic, meaning that the likelihood of occurrence increases with the dose of radiation but does not have a specific threshold; any exposure, no matter how small, can theoretically increase the risk of these effects. This category includes long-term consequences such as cancer and genetic mutations.

In contrast, deterministic effects, also known as non-stochastic effects, are directly related to the dose received and have a threshold exposure level. These effects tend to be immediately observable and increase in severity with larger doses of radiation. Examples include skin burns, radiation sickness, and organ damage, which occur once the threshold is surpassed.

Thus, identifying stochastic effects as probabilistic highlights their unpredictable nature regarding their occurrence after exposure to radiation, which is fundamental in understanding radiation safety and the risks associated with exposure.